This section of the Swimming Science Journal abstracts articles concerned with the physiology of swimming. As articles are located they are appended to the end of the list.

1. SWIMMING DEVELOPS BREATHING CAPACITY

   Cordain, L., Tucker, A, Moon, D. & Stager, J. M. (1990). Lung volumes and maximal respiratory pressures in collegiate swimmers and runners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 61, 70-74.

2. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR WARMING-UP

   Robergs, R. A., Costill, D. A., Fink, W. J., Williams, C., Pascoe, D. D., Chwalbinska-Moneta, J., & Davis, J. A. (1990). Effects of warm-up on blood gases, lactate and acid-base status during sprint swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 273-278.

3. CONTROLLED FREQUENCY BREATHING HAS NO TRAINING BENEFIT

   Town, G. P., & Vanness, M. J. (1990). Conditioning swimmers: aerobic and anaerobic responses to controlled frequency breathing under watchful eye. Swimming Technique, May-July, 8-12.

4. HYPOXIC TRAINING HAS NO BENEFITS

   Craig, A. B., Jr., (1982). Fallacies of "hypoxic training" in swimming. In L. Lewillie & J. P. Clarys (Eds.), International series on sport sciences, SWIMMING II, Vol. 2. Baltimore: University Park Press.

5. STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE AEROBIC ADAPTATION

   Schantz, P. G., & Kallman, M. (1989). Strength training is ineffective for oxidative metabolism. Swimming Technique, 5, 5-6.

6. OVERTRAINING IN SWIMMING

   Parker, J. (1989). Wiping your swimmers out. Swimming Technique, May-July, 10-16.

7. CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENCY COULD OCCUR WITH EXCESSIVE TRAINING

   Costill, D. L., Flynn, M. G., Kirwan, J. P., Houmard, J. A., Mitchell, J. B., Thomas, R., & Park, S. H. (1988). Effects of repeated days of intensified training on muscle glycogen and swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20, 249-254.

8. LARGE REDUCTIONS IN WORK DO NOT REDUCE AEROBIC CAPACITY

   Neufer, P. D., Costill, D. L., Fielding, R. A., Flynn, M. G., & Kirwan, J. P. (1987). Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports, 19, 486-490.

9. SWIMMING AFFECTS GROWTH IN A SPECIFIC WAY

   Benefice, E., Mercier, J., Guerin, M. J., & Prefaut, C. (1990). Differences in aerobic and anthropometric characteristics between peripubertal and non-swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 456-460.

10. SWIMMING ENDURANCE IMPROVES UP TO A POINT AND THEN NO MORE

    Costill, D. L., Thomas, R., Robergs, R. A., Pascoe, D., Lambert, C., Barr, S., & Fink, W. J. (1991). Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 371-377.

11. RUNNING AND SWIMMING HEART RATES

    DiCarlo, L. J., Sparling, P. B., Millard-Stafford, M. L., & Rupp, J. C. (1991). Peak heart rates during maximal running and swimming: implications for exercise prescription. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 309-312.

12. WINGATE ANAEROBIC ARM TEST COULD BE USED FOR SWIMMING

    Hawley, J. A., & Williams, M. M. (1991). Relationship between upper body anaerobic power and freestyle swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 1-5.

13. A CONTRIVED LABORATORY TEST FOR SWIMMING PHYSIOLOGY

    Kimura, Y., Yeater, R. A., & Martin, R. B. (1990). Simulated swimming: a useful tool for evaluating the VO2max in the laboratory. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 201-206.

14. HORMONES AND METABOLIC INDICATORS ARE NOT INDICATORS FOR SWIMMING WORK CAPACITY

    Kirwan, J. P., Costill, D. L., Flynn, M. G., Mitchell, J. B., Fink, W. J., Neufer, P. D., & Houmard, J. A. (1988). Physiological response to successive days of intense training in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports Medicine, 20, 255-259.

15. LUNG FUNCTIONS IN VARSITY SWIMMERS

    Miller, R. L., Robison, E., McCloskey, J. B., & Picken, J. (1989). Pulmonary diffusing capacity as a predictor of performance in competitive swimming. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 29, 91-96.

16. JET-LAG AND SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    O'Connor, P. J., Morgan, W. P., Koltyn, K. F., Raglan, J. S., Turner, J. G., & Kalin, N. H. (1991). Air travel across four time zones in college swimmers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 70,756-763.

17. INCREASED SWIMMING INTENSITY AFFECTS KIDNEY FUNCTION

    Poortmans, J. R., Engels, M.-F., Sellier, M., & Leclearcq, R. (1991). Urine protein excretion and swimming events. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 831-825.

18. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM AFFECTS SWIMMING POWER OUTPUT

    Reilly, T., & Marshall, S. (1991). Circadian rhythms in power output on a swim bench. Journal of Swimming Research, 7, 11-13.

19. LACTATE MEASURES ARE USELESS IN SWIMMING

    Rushall, B. S. (1991). The lactate debate - one more time. Journal of the Australian Swim Coaches' Association, 8(3), 8-12.

20. ONE TRAINING PROGRAM PRODUCES A WIDE VARIETY OF ADAPTATIONS WITHIN A GROUP

    Howat, R. C., & Robson, M. W. (June, 1992). Heartache or heartbreak. The Swimming Times, 35-37.

21. QUESTIONS CONCERNING TESTING SWIMMERS' PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

    Rohrs, D. M., Mayhew, J. L., Arabas, M. S., & Shelton, M. (1990). The relationship between seven anaerobic tests and swim performance. Journal of Swimming Research, 6(4), 15-19.

22. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES ARE NOT PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE FOR TRAINED SWIMMERS

    Montpetit, R., Duvallet, A., Serveth, J. P., & Cazorla, G. (1981). Stability of VO2max during a 3-month intensive training period in elite swimmers. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Sport Sciences, Halifax.

23. DETRAINING IN SWIMMING

    Costill, D., Fink, W., Hargreaves, M., King, D., Thomas, R., & Fielding, R. (1984). Metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle during detraining from competitive swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 339-342.

24. SWIMMING TRAINING SHOULD BE SPECIFIC

    Payne, W. R., & Lemon, P. W. (1982, October). Metabolic comparison of tethered and simulated swimming ergometer exercise. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences, Victoria.

25. LACTATE MEASURES DIFFER BETWEEN GENDERS

    Bonifazi, M., Martelli, G., Marugo, L., Sardella, F., & Carli, G. (1993). Blood lactate accumulation in top level swimmers following competition. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 13-18.

26. YOUNG AGE-GROUP TRAINING SHOULD EMPHASIZE AEROBIC WORK

    Mercier, J., Vago, P., Ramonatxo, M., Bauer, C., & Prefaut, C. (1987). Effect of aerobic training quantity on the VO2max of circumpubertal swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 26-30.

27. A STEP-TEST GIVES A ROUGH PREDICTION OF A PROTOCOL-DEPENDENT MEASURE

    Barber, J. W., Williford, H. N., Duey, W. J., Pieri, S. R., & Barksdale, J. (1997). Validation of the T-30 and swimming step test in adolescent competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 289.

28. TALENTED VERSUS LESS TALENTED PERFORMERS

    Troup, J. P. (Ed.). (1990). Energy contributions of competitive freestyle events. In International Center for Aquatic Research annual: Studies by the International Center for Aquatic Research 1989-90. Colorado Springs: United States Swimming Press.

29. TESTING FOR TESTING SAKE

    Rushall thoughts, 1996.

30. CRITICAL VELOCITY PREDICTS SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Day, Y. J., & Lin, J. C. (1996). Critical velocity as a predictor of female front crawl swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 940.

31. POWER RACK MEASURES RELATED TO 25-YD SPRINTS IN FEMALES

    Boelk, A. G., Norton, J. P, Freeman, J. K., & Walker, A. J. (1997). Relationship of swimming power to sprint freestyle performance in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1255.

32. RESPONSE TO HOT AND COLD SWIMMING ENVIRONMENTS

    Neilsen, B. (1977). Physiology of thermoregulation during swimming. In B. Eriksson & B. Furberg (Eds.), Swimming Medicine IV - Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Swimming Medicine. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

33. EFFECTS OF SWIMMING ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES AND FAT ACCUMULATION

    Avlonitou, E., Georgiou, E., Douskas, G., & Louizi, A. (1997). Estimation of body composition in competitive swimmers by means of three different techniques. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 363-368.

34. SWIMMING MUSCLE POWER MODERATELY RELATED TO 50-m SPRINT SPEED

    Hawley, J. A., Williams, M. M., Vickovic, M. M., & Handcock, P. J. (1992). Muscle power predicts freestyle swimming performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 151-155.

35. SWIMMING USES MORE CARBOHYDRATE FOR ENERGY THAN RUNNING

    Flynn, M. G., Costill, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Fink, W. J., Beltz, J. D., & D'Acquisto, L. J. (1990). Fat storage in athletes: Metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 433-440.

36. BLOOD FACTORS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSES TO INTENSIFIED TRAINING

    Mackinnon, L. T., Hooper, S. L., Jones, S., Gordon, R. D., & Bachmann, A. W. (1997). Hormonal, immunological, and hematological responses to intensified training in elite swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 1637-1654.

37. ALTITUDE RESIDENTS IMPROVE TIMES WHEN THEY COMPETE AT SEA-LEVEL

    D'Acquisto, L. J., Tran, Z. V., Jackson, C. G. R., & Troup, J. P (1996). Energy release during altitude and acute simulated sea level exposure in altitude acclimatized/trained swimmers. In J. P. Troup, A. P. Hollander, D. Strasse, S. W. Trappe, J. M. Cappaert, & T. A. Trappe (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII (pp. 140-145). London: E & FN Spon.

38. SPORT PARTICIPATION AFFECTS BONE DENSITY IN WOMEN

    Emslander, H. C., Sinaki, M., Muhs, J. M., Chao, E. Y., Wahner, H. W., Bryant S C., Riggs, B. L.,& Eastell, R. (1998). Bone mass and muscle strength in female college athletes (runners and swimmers). Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 73(12), 1151-1160.

39. BLOOD FACTORS RELATED TO POST-TAPER SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

    Mujika, I., Padilla, S., Geyssantm A., & Chatard, J.C. (1998). Hematological responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers: relationships with performance. Archives of Physiological Biochemistry, 105(4), 379-385.

40. SWIMMING MOVEMENT PATTERNS ARE VELOCITY SPECIFIC

    Rouard, A.H., Billat, R.P., Deschodt, V., & Clarys, J.P. (1977). Muscular activations during repetitions of sculling movements up to exhaustion in swimming. Archives of Physiological Biochemistry, 105(7), 655-662.

41. VENTRICULAR STRUCTURE NOT ALTERED BY SHORT-TERM ALTITUDE TRAINING

    Haykowsky, M.J., Smith, D.J., Malley, L., Norris, S.R., & Smith, E.R. (1998). Effects of short-term altitude training and tapering on left ventricular morphology in elite swimmers. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 14(5), 678-681.

42. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION PROMOTES SUSTAINING SPRINT SET QUALITY IN SWIMMERS

    Peyrebrune, M.C., Nevill, M.E., Donaldson, F.J., & Cosford, D.J. (1998). The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. Journal of Sports Science, 16(3), 271-279.

43. TYPE II FIBERS (POWER) ARE MOST AFFECTED BY A TAPER

    Trappe, S., Costill, D., Lee, G., & Thomas, R. (1998). Effect of swim taper on human single muscle fiber contractile properties. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 220.

44. Lapeak AND AOD NOT RELATED TO 50 OR 500-YD PERFORMANCES

    Zoeller, R. F., Nagle, E. F., Moyna, N. M., Goss, F. L., Lephart, S. M., & Robertson, R. J. (1998). Anaerobic indices of freestyle swimming performance in trained adult female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 280.

45. BLOOD AND HORMONAL FACTORS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ELITE FEMALE TRAINING RESPONSES

    VanHeest, J. L., & Ratliff, K. (1998). Hematological and hormonal changes in elite female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 986.

46. SERUM GROWTH FACTORS CHANGE WITH TRAINING BUT IN NO USEFUL WAY

    Hickson, R. C., Koziris, L. P., Chatterton, R. T., Groseth, R. T., Christie, J, M., & Unterman, T. G. (1998). Serum insluin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein (BP) -1, -3 adaptations to training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 989.

47. PLASMA INSULIN AND LACTATE MIGHT BE SENSITIVE TO OVERTRAINING

    Oh, J. K., Yoo, R. R., Cho, J. Y., & Cho, Y. E. (1998). Lactate levels and hormonal responses to excessive training in elite swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1554.

48. SWIMMERS SWEAT DIFFERENTLY TO LAND-TRAINED ATHLETES

    Taimura, A., Sugawara, M., Yamauchi, M., Lee, J. B., Matsumoto, T., & Kosaka, M. (1998). Thermal sweating responses in swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1613.

49. GLUTAMINE IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OVERTRAINING

    Koziris, L. P., Hickson, R. C., Chatterton Jr., R. T., Groseth, R. T., Christie, J. M., Osborne, D. F., & Karl, I. E. (1999). Progressive reductions in blood glutamine levels and improved performance occur with competitive swim training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 278.

50. T-10 TEST YIELDS MAXIMAL AEROBIC SWIMMING VELOCITY

    Matsunami, M., Taguchi, M., Taimura, A., Suga, M., & Taba, S. (1999). Relationship among different performance tests to estimate maximal aerobic swimming speed. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 376.

51. A 400-m TIME TRIAL IS THE BEST PREDICTOR OF 400-m SWIMMING TIME

    Guglielmo, L. G., & Denadai, B. S. (1999). Assessment of anaerobic threshold and performance of swimmers in crawl sprints of 400m. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 414.

52. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION EXTENDS THE VOLUME OF HIGH-QUALITY INTERVAL TRAINING

    Ricketts, J. C., & Zachweija, J. J. (1999). Effects of creatine supplementation on swim power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1243.

53. CRITICAL POWER: MUCH ADO ABOUT LITTLE

    Kokubun, E., Pessoa-Filho, D. M., & Sibuya, C. Y. (1999). Determination of critical power in swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1248.

54. ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN SWIMMING IS PROTOCOL AND CRITERION DEPENDENT

    Almeidal, A. G., Gobatto, C. A., Lenta, C., & Kokubun, E. (1999). Influences of swimming test distance in the anaerobic threshold determination and blood lactate levels. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1253.

55. PHOSPHAGEN HP (CREATINE + ELECTROLYTES) DID NOT IMPROVE SWIMMING PERFORMANCES

    Renne, D. R., D'Acquisto, L. J., Nethery, V., & Gee, D. (1999). Creatine monohydrate supplementation does not enhance or compromise swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 356.

56. MUSCLE FIBER AND ENERGY USE DIFFER WITHIN SPRINTING DISTANCES

    Ring, S., Mader, A., & Mougious, V. (1999). Plasma ammonia response to sprint swimming. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 128-132.

57. CREATINE AFFECTS PERFORMANCE ONLY WHEN REST INTERVALS ARE LONG

    Carl, D. L., Alperin, N., Kochendorfer, K., Stieger, J., Andres, F., & Broadley, D. (1999). Effect of oral creatine and caffeine on muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1283.

58. CREATINE ONLY HELPS MEN SWIM FASTER OVER 50 YARDS

    Leenders, N., Sherman, W. M., Lamb, D. R., & Nelson, T. E. (1999). Creatine supplementation and swimming performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 9, 251-262.

59. DIET CHANGES WHEN INGESTING SWEETENED CREATINE

    Scott, K., Renne, Dr. R., D'Acquisto, L. T., Nethery, V., & Gee, D. L. (1999). Carbohydrate containing creatine supplementation alters dietary intake in university swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 360.

60. THE FASTER ONE SWIMS, THE MORE ONE SWEATS

    Taimura, A., Sugawara, M., & Tsuchiya, K. (2000). Influence of water temperature and swimming velocity on body temperature and weight loss during swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 679.

61. SWIMMING SPEED TESTS YIELD DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OVERLOAD

    Matsunami, M., Taimura, A., Suga, M., Taba, S., & Taguchi, M. (2000). An effective field test to determine the endurance training speed for competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1690.

62. FACTORS AFFECTING SPRINT SWIMMING DIFFER BETWEEN GENDERS

    Simmons, S. E., Tanner, D. A., & Stager, J. M. (2000). Different determinants of sprint swim performance in male and female competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1692.

63. ENERGY COST OF KICKING FOR STREAMLINE BECOMES LESS AS SWIMMING VELOCITY INCREASES

    Zamparo, P., Capelli, C, Di Nino, A., & Cautero, M. (2000). Energy cost of front crawl at supra maximal speeds and underwater torque in young swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1694.

64. ANAEROBIC ENERGY HARDLY COMPROMISED AT ALTITUDE

    Ogita, F., & Tabata, I. (2000). Aerobic and anaerobic energy release during supramaximal swimming at different levels of hypobaric hypoxia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1699.

65. LACTATE PROFILES ARE NOT RELATED TO COMPETITIVE SWIMMING PERFORMANCES

    Pyne, D. B., Lee, H., & Swanwick, K. M. (2001). Monitoring the lactate threshold in world-ranked swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 291-297.

66. INCREASED VITAL CAPACITY RESULTS FROM SWIMMING TRAINING

    Dean, C. M., Adams, K. J., Hodgkins, T. D., Durham, M. P., Ritch, D. M., & Swank, A. M. (2001). Changes in vital capacity for swimmers and nordic skiers over 180 days in-season training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 320.

67. CREATINE ONLY AFFECTS SINGLE SPRINT EFFORTS IN SWIMMING

    Selsby, J. T., Beckett, K. D., Devor, S. T., & Kern, M. (2001). Swim performance following creatine supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1159.

68. TRAINING REGRESSION IN SWIMMERS NOT RELATED TO PARTICULAR BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

    Rowbottom, D., Maw, G., Raspotnik, L., Morley, E., & Hamilton, E. (2001). Biological variables to assist in fatigue management are individualized in highly trained swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1920.

69. EVENING PERFORMANCES ARE BETTER THAN MORNING PERFORMANCES

    Arnett, M. G. (2001). Effects of prolonged and reduced warm-ups on diurnal variation in body temperature and swim performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 893.

70. PRE-SWIM GLUCOSE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT AFFECT ENDURANCE-SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    Langill, R. H., Smith, G. J., & Rhodes, E. C. (2001). The effect of pre-exercise glucose ingestion on performance during prolonged swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 937.

71. LEG ANAEROBIC FUNCTION IS MODERATELY RELATED TO SPRINT SWIMMING

    Andrade, R. M., Figueira, A. J., Lauro, F. A., Velhote, F. B., Alves, L. L., & Pinheiro, D. S. (2001). Influence of anaerobic muscle power on swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1826.

72. FEMALE SWIMMERS NEED A LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY INTAKE WHEN IN HEAVY TRAINING

    Trappe, T. A., Gastaldelli, A., Jozsi, A. C., Troup, J. P., & Wolfe, R. P. (1997). Energy expenditure of swimmers during high volume training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 950-954.

73. ONLY SOME ATHLETES MIGHT BENEFIT FROM PRE-EXERCISE GLUCOSE INGESTION

    Smith, G. J., Rhodes, E. C., & Langill, R. H. (2002). The effect of pre-exercise glucose ingestion on performance during prolonged swimming. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 12, 136-144.

74. WEIGHT-BEARING ACTIVITIES ACCELERATE BONE ACCRUAL IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES

    Bellew, J. W., Gehrig, L., & Gehrig, G. (2002). A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent female weight lifters, swimmers, and tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 781.

75. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT IMPROVE SPRINT SWIMMING

    Mendes, R. R., & Tirapegui, J. (2002). Effect of creatine supplementation on supramaximal exercise and body composition of university swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 806.

76. TRIATHLETES SHOULD DRAFT IN SWIMMING SO THAT CYCLING IS BETTER

    Delextrat, A., Tricot, V., Bernard, T., Vercruyssen, F., Hausswwirth, C., & Brisswalter, J. (2003). Drafting during swimming improves efficiency during subsequent cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1612-1619.

77. BODYSUITS INCREASE THERMAL REACTIONS TO SWIMMING

    Taimura, A., Matsunami, M., & Sugawara, M. (2003). Thermal responses to swimming: The influence of bodysuits. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 147.

78. WATERPROOF SWIM CAPS HEAT UP SWIMMERS

    Matsunami, M., Taimura, A., & Sugawara, M. (2003). Thermal responses in swimming is affected by the material of swim caps. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 148.

79. HOT WATER REDUCES SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    Armstrong, D. W., Herzig, T. C., Keyser, D. O., Pruschki, D., & Deuswter, P. A. (2003). Correlates of peak body temperature during warm water (37^oC) swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 154.

80. ONLY TESTS IN THE TAPER PHASE ARE RELATED TO FINAL SWIMMING PERFORMANCES

    Anderson, M. E., Hopkins, W. G., Roberts, A. D., & Pyne, D. B. (2003). Monitoring long-term changes in test and competitive performance in elite swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 194.

81. POST-RACE LACTATES IMPROVE ACROSS A SWIMMING SEASON

    Northius, M. E., Wicklund, H., & Patnott, J. R. (2003). Blood lactate changes in collegiate swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1455.

82. SODIUM BICARBONATE ENHANCES SWIMMING PERFORMANCES BUT BE CAREFUL

    Triplett-McBride, T., Bowman, S. A., Pein, R. L., & Foster, C. C. (2003). Effects of different dosages of sodium bicarbonate on swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1494.

83. LEFT VENTRICULAR SIZE IS INCREASED IN ADOLESCENT SWIMMERS

    Petkowicz, R. O., Horowitz, E. S., & Meyer, F. (2003). Left ventricular structure in male adolescent swimmers athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1763.

84. POORLY PERFORMING FEMALE SWIMMERS MIGHT HAVE A THYROID PROBLEM

    VanHeest, J. L., Mahoney, C. E., Cappaert, J. M., Hill, K. W., De Souza, M. J., & Rodgers, C. D. (2003). Induction of low T3 syndrome in female swimmers during a competitive season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1829.

85. SWIMMING ECONOMY IS INFERIOR IN CHILDREN WHEN COMPARED TO ADULTS

    Kjendie, P. L., Stallman, R. K., & Stray-Gundersen, J. (2003). Swimming economy should be normalized to body length. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 117.

86. CRITICAL VELOCITY CAN BE DETERMINED IN PRE-PUBERTAL MALES

    Angus, C., Kendall, R., & Beneke, R. (2004). Assessment of critical velocity and blood lactate in pre-pubertal swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 824.

87. FERRITIN IS NEEDED BY ADOLESCENT SWIMMERS

    Abdallah, F., Lima, F. R., & Pinto, A. L. (2004). Hematological indices and iron status in adolescent competitive swimmers of both sexes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2049.

88. HYPOXIA (ALTITUDE) DEPRESSES SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    Toussaint, H. M., Truijens, M. J., van Asseldone, E., & Levine, B. D. (2004). Hypoxic training in well-trained swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2311.

89. INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA DOES NOT IMPROVE VENTILATION IN TRAINING ATHLETES

    Townsend, N. E., Gore, C. J., Truijens, M. J., Rodriguez, F. A., Stray-Gundersen, J., & Levine, B. D. (2004). Ventilatory acclimatization to intermittent hypoxia in well-trained runners and swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2315.

90. INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE ECONOMY IN TRAINING ATHLETES

    Truijens, M. J., Rodriguez, F. A., Palmer, D., Townsend, N. E., Gore, C. J., Stray-Gundersen, J., & Levine, B. J. (2004). The effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure on economy in runners and swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2318.

91. INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN TRAINING ATHLETES

    Rodriguez, F. A., Truijens, M. J., Townsend, N. E., Martini, E. R., Stray-Gundersen, J., Gore, C. J., & Levine, B. D. (2004). Effects of four weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on sea level running and swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2319.

92. LACTATE THRESHOLD RECOVERY SWIMMING IS BEST

    Weltman, A. L., Greenwood, J. D., Moses, E. Bernardino, M., & Gaesser, G. A. (2005). Effects of exercise recovery intensity on blood lactate disappearance and subsequent swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 447.

93. FLUID REPLENISHMENT DURING SWIMMING TRAINING MAINTAINS BODY FLUID BALANCE

    Henkin, S. D., Silveira, M. M., Lannerhirt, H., Meyer, F., & Kruel, L. F. (2005). Body fluid balance of competitive male swimmers during a training session. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 549.

94. CAFFEINE IMPROVES 50-m SWIM PERFORMANCE IN SOME SWIMMERS

    Hill, M. R. (2006). Low dose caffeine use to improve 50-meter swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1334.

95. LOW-DOSE CAFFEINE DOES NOT IMPROVE SPRINT SWIMMING BUT DOES AFFECT SLEEP

    Burke, L. M., Anderson, M. E., & Pyne, D. B. (2006). Low dose caffeine intake and sprint performance in swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1330.

96. BODYSUITS INCREASE THERMAL SENSATIONS IN DISTANCE SWIMMING

    Taimura, A., & Matsunami, M. (2006). Effect of swimsuits and water temperature on thermal responses during submaximal swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2055.

97. AGE-RELATED SWIMMING PERFORMANCE DECLINE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECLINE IN VO2max NOT ECONOMY

    Boggs, G. W., Dickinson, J. M., Nethery, V. M., Horsley, J., & D'Acquisto, L. J. (2006). Physiological comparison of younger and older trained male swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1557.

98. CRITICAL VELOCITY DECLINES WITH AGE IN MASTER SWIMMERS

    Cachel, H., & daSilva, S. G. (20006). Changes in critical velocity according to age in swimming master athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1572.

99. SOME HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS ARE AFFECTED BY A TAPER IN SWIMMING

    Santhiago, V., da Silva, A. D., & Gobatto, C. A. (2006). Effects of taper on some hormonal and biochemical overtraining markers in high performance swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1584.

100. SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION IMPROVES 200 m SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

     Peyrebrunek, M. C., Lindh, A., Ingham, S., & Folland, J. (2007). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves 200 m freestyle performance in elite male swimmers. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 1462.

101. LACTATE TEST RESULTS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED WITH OTHER FACTORS WHEN CONSIDERING THE STATUS OF SWIMMERS

     Thompson, K. G., Garland, S. W., & Lothia, F. (2006). Interpretation of the physiological monitoring of an international swimmer. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 1, 117-124.

102. BODYSUITS INCREASE THERMAL SENSATIONS IN DISTANCE SWIMMING RACES

     Taimura, A., & Matsunami, M. (2006). Effect of swimsuits and water temperature on thermal responses during submaximal swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2055.

103. NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREADMILL AND SWIMMING TEST RESULTS

     Nagle, E. F., Robertson, R. J., Chomentowski, P. J., & McLaughlin, K. J. (2006). Absence of relation between 12-Minute and 500-yard swim and treadmill determined maximal aerobic power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2674.

104. PROTEIN/CARBOHYDRATE GEL IS BENEFICIAL FOR MAINTAINING TRAINING PERFORMANCES

     Seifert, J. G., & McKenzie, R. (2007). A carbohydrate/protein energy gel improves swimming performance in collegiate swimmers. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 2061.

105. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT ENHANCE SPRINT-SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

     Mendes, R. R., & Tirapegui, J. (2007). Acute creatine supplementation does not improve performance of elite and amateur swimmers. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 702.

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